Antibodies can inactivate antigens in various ways

Tens to hundreds of millions of different B cells are circulating in the body so that every antigen is recognized. In other words, the body is prepared for the invasion of pathogens by possessing B cells that produce unique antibody molecules.

As a result, the body is protected from repeated infection. Antibody-producing B cells are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the periphery. During B-cell maturation, the antibody genes immunoglobulin genes undergo recombination, generating an enormous repertoire of antigen-binding sites the variable region.

The gene locus encoding the H chain variable region: The locus contains an array of about V gene segments, about 25 D gene segments, and 6 J gene segments. One each of the V , D , and J gene segments are selected and joined together. One each of the V and J gene segments are selected and joined together. Immunoglobulins antibodies to countless antigens are produced from a limited number of genes by recombination of gene segments.

Gene rearrangements also occur during T cell maturation in the thymus. Even if some autoreactive B cells evade the elimination process and reach the periphery, those B cells that produce antibodies to self-antigens autoantibodies are inactivated by another mechanism including regulation by Tregs.. Possible causes of autoimmune disease include viral infection, high fever, pregnancy, and the recently proposed abnormalities in the intestinal microbiome.

However, the details of the mechanism remain unknown. Principle and method of the experiment Webinar FAQ. If an antibody molecule is treated with a proteolytic enzyme such as pepsin, the hinge region peptide bonds are broken producing 2 identical F ab fragments and one degraded Fc fragment.

If an antibody molecule is treated with a proteolytic enzyme such as papain, the hinge region peptide bonds are broken producing 2 identical F ab fragments and one Fc fragment. Fab fragments has the antigen binding site where as Fc fragment is involved in complement fixation, attachment site for various immune cells and for placental transfer. How antibodies deal with antigens? Antibodies deal with antigens in different ways:. Tags: Agglutination Antigen - Antibody interaction basic immunology notes Complement activation immunology notes Neutralization Opsonisation paratope.

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